![]() ![]() Nakasone, Y (2000): The making of Japan – reclaiming the political mainstream. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics. McDowell, J (2010): Kappa and Lambda – Japan’ s first steps into space. Presentation, International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, 2011. Matogawa, Y (2011): Naming history of Japan’ s scientific spacecraft. Presentation, International Astronautical Congress, Glasgow, 2008. Matogawa, Y (2008): Minoru Oda and his pioneering role in space science in Japan. Matogawa, Y (2007): Lessons from half a century experience in Japanese solid rocketry since the Pencil rocket. Presentation, 50th International Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam, 1999. Matogawa, Y (1999): Shusui – Japanese rocket fighter in world war II. Kallender P (2017): Explaining the logics of Japanese space policy evolution 1969–2016 combining macro and micro-theories notably the strategic action framework. Presentation, 64th International Astronautical Congress, Beijing, 2013. Hamada-Poret, S (2013): The Japanese rockoon programme for the IGY – technology and Japanese society. Hagesawa, K (2022): Japanese socialism was a powerful force until it lost its political bearings. KeywordsĬentral Intelligence Agency (1965): The race for third in space. Itokawa was driven out of the space programme but lived to old age and is now venerated. His independent-mindedness attracted criticism from the United States which preferred Japan to use American rockets, a warning of what was to become, at times, a fractious relationship. Hideo Itokawa had a vision that Japan should develop an indigenous programme of small launchers orbiting scientific satellites. On the fifth attempt, in 1970, success was achieved with the satellite Ohsumi and Japan became the fourth country to reach orbit. The next step was a satellite, for which a sounding rocket was upgraded sufficiently for a small satellite to reach orbit. In the 1960s, these rockets reached 700 km altitude. This experimented with tiny rockets in the 1950s, eventually attracting government support to construct sounding rockets which became Japan’s contribution to the International Geophysical Year. The father of the space programme was aeronautical engineer Hideo Itokawa, who established a research group in Tokyo University. In 1944, Germany sent Japan its rocket designs by U-boat. The focus of the commission's investigation shifted to the booster rocket O-rings, the efforts of McDonald and his colleagues to stop the launch and the failure of NASA officials to listen.The story of Japan’s space programme may be traced to aeronautical research in the early twentieth century. "I'll never forget Chairman Rogers said, 'Would you please come down here on the floor and repeat what I think I heard?' " McDonald said. And we put that in writing and sent that to NASA."įormer Secretary of State William Rogers chaired the commission and stared into the auditorium, squinting in the direction of the voice. I said I think this presidential commission should know that Morton Thiokol was so concerned, we recommended not launching below 53 degrees Fahrenheit. "I was sitting there thinking that's about as deceiving as anything I ever heard," McDonald recalled. He neglected to say that the approval came only after Thiokol executives, under intense pressure from NASA officials, overruled the engineers. The NASA official simply said that Thiokol had some concerns but approved the launch. The Two-Way Challenger Engineer Who Warned Of Shuttle Disaster Dies "And then afterwards in the aftermath, exposing the cover-up that NASA was engaged in." "One was on the night before the launch, refusing to sign off on the launch authorization and continuing to argue against it," Maier says. "There are two ways in which actions were heroic," recalls Mark Maier, who directs a leadership program at Chapman University and produced a documentary about the Challenger launch decision. Now, 35 years after the Challenger disaster, McDonald's family reports that he died Saturday in Ogden, Utah, after suffering a fall and brain damage. ![]() He also told NASA officials, "If anything happens to this launch, I wouldn't want to be the person that has to stand in front of a board of inquiry to explain why we launched." McDonald persistently cited three reasons for a delay: freezing overnight temperatures that could compromise the booster rocket joints ice forming on the launchpad and spacecraft that could damage the orbiter heat tiles at launch and a forecast of rough seas at the booster rocket recovery site. The Two-Way Your Letters Helped Challenger Shuttle Engineer Shed 30 Years Of Guilt ![]()
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